Both Chargaff Second Parity Rule and the Strand Symmetry Rule Are Imprecise

Zhiyu Chen

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20180601.11

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Both Chargaff Second Parity Rule and the Strand Symmetry Rule Are Imprecise

Zhiyu Chen

Published in American Journal of Life Sciences (Volume 6, Issue 1)

Received: 7 March 2018 Published: 9 March 2018

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Abstract

In order to check Chargaff Second Parity Rule, we find the strands are asymmetric in human DNA, this breaks the strand symmetry rule. We calculate the ratio between oligonucleotide ATGC and oligonucleotide CGTA, and we compare the sample sequence average ratio ATGC/CGTA and the complementary sequence average ratio ATGC/CGTA. we find evolution degree more bigger, then the strand symmetry deviation will be more bigger. sequence and its complementary strand sequence obviously have two different characters, include physical property, chemical property and biological property. It is very important, base on this asymmetry, we can find some new and special theories in biology to explain how chromosome communicates and works in the future. we also find, both leukemia and breast cancer are weakening the DNA’s asymmetry degree. Here need more research and check, maybe we can find an easy diagnosing method to leukemia and breast cancer, if this result here is right at last, it will benefit to the world.

Published in	American Journal of Life Sciences (Volume 6, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajls.20180601.11
Page(s)	1-6
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2018. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

ATGC/CGTA, Strand Asymmetry, Complementary Sequence, Evolutionary Forces

References

[1]	Rudner, R; Karkas, JD; Chargaff, E (1967). "Separation of B. Subtilis DNA into complementary strands. 3. Direct analysis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 60 (3).
[2]	Chargaff E, Lipshitz R, Green C (1952). "Composition of the deoxypentose nucleic acids of four genera of sea-urchin". J Biol Chem. 195 (1): 155-160.
[3]	Baisnée PF, Hampson S, Baldi P: Why are complementary DNA strands symmetric?. Bioinformatics. 2002.
[4]	Prabhu VV: Symmetry observations in long nucleotide sequences. Nucleic Acids Res. 1993, 21: 2797-2900. 10.1093/nar/21.12.2797.
[5]	Forsdyke DR. 1995a. Relative roles of primary sequence and (G+C)% in determining the hierarchy of frequencies of complementary trinucleotide pairs in DNAs of different species. J. Mol. Evol. 41:573-591.
[6]	Elson D, Chargaff E (1952). "On the deoxyribonucleic acid content of sea urchin gametes". Experientia. 143–145. doi:10.1007/BF02170221. PMID 14945441.
[7]	Rudner, R; Karkas, JD; Chargaff, E (1968). "Separation of B. Subtilis DNA into complementary strands. 3. Direct analysis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 60 (3): 921–2. doi: 10.1073/pnas.60.3.921. PMC 225140? Freely accessible. PMID 4970114.
[8]	Perez, J.-C. (September 2010). "Codon populations in single-stranded whole human genome DNA are fractal and fine-tuned by the Golden Ratio 1.618". Interdisciplinary Sciences: Computational Life Science. 2 (3): 228–240. doi: 10.1007/s12539-010-0022-0.
[9]	Pray, Leslie (2008). "Discovery of DNA structure and function: Watson and Crick". Nature Education. 1 (1): 100. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
[10]	Kosaka, N; Yoshioka, Y; Hagiwara, K; Tominaga, N; Katsuda, T; Ochiya, T (Sep 5, 2013). "Trash or Treasure: extracellular microRNAs and cell-to-cell communication". Frontiers in Genetics. 4: 173. doi:10.3389/fgene.2013.00173. PMC 3763217 Freely accessible. PMID 24046777.

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Zhiyu Chen. (2018). Both Chargaff Second Parity Rule and the Strand Symmetry Rule Are Imprecise. American Journal of Life Sciences, 6(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20180601.11

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ACS Style

Zhiyu Chen. Both Chargaff Second Parity Rule and the Strand Symmetry Rule Are Imprecise. Am. J. Life Sci. 2018, 6(1), 1-6. doi: 10.11648/j.ajls.20180601.11

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AMA Style

Zhiyu Chen. Both Chargaff Second Parity Rule and the Strand Symmetry Rule Are Imprecise. Am J Life Sci. 2018;6(1):1-6. doi: 10.11648/j.ajls.20180601.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ajls.20180601.11,
  author = {Zhiyu Chen},
  title = {Both Chargaff Second Parity Rule and the Strand Symmetry Rule Are Imprecise},
  journal = {American Journal of Life Sciences},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-6},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajls.20180601.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20180601.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajls.20180601.11},
  abstract = {In order to check Chargaff Second Parity Rule, we find the strands are asymmetric in human DNA, this breaks the strand symmetry rule. We calculate the ratio between oligonucleotide ATGC and oligonucleotide CGTA, and we compare the sample sequence average ratio ATGC/CGTA and the complementary sequence average ratio ATGC/CGTA. we find evolution degree more bigger, then the strand symmetry deviation will be more bigger. sequence and its complementary strand sequence obviously have two different characters, include physical property, chemical property and biological property. It is very important, base on this asymmetry, we can find some new and special theories in biology to explain how chromosome communicates and works in the future. we also find, both leukemia and breast cancer are weakening the DNA’s asymmetry degree. Here need more research and check, maybe we can find an easy diagnosing method to leukemia and breast cancer, if this result here is right at last, it will benefit to the world.},
 year = {2018}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Both Chargaff Second Parity Rule and the Strand Symmetry Rule Are Imprecise
AU  - Zhiyu Chen
Y1  - 2018/03/09
PY  - 2018
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20180601.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajls.20180601.11
T2  - American Journal of Life Sciences
JF  - American Journal of Life Sciences
JO  - American Journal of Life Sciences
SP  - 1
EP  - 6
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5737
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20180601.11
AB  - In order to check Chargaff Second Parity Rule, we find the strands are asymmetric in human DNA, this breaks the strand symmetry rule. We calculate the ratio between oligonucleotide ATGC and oligonucleotide CGTA, and we compare the sample sequence average ratio ATGC/CGTA and the complementary sequence average ratio ATGC/CGTA. we find evolution degree more bigger, then the strand symmetry deviation will be more bigger. sequence and its complementary strand sequence obviously have two different characters, include physical property, chemical property and biological property. It is very important, base on this asymmetry, we can find some new and special theories in biology to explain how chromosome communicates and works in the future. we also find, both leukemia and breast cancer are weakening the DNA’s asymmetry degree. Here need more research and check, maybe we can find an easy diagnosing method to leukemia and breast cancer, if this result here is right at last, it will benefit to the world.
VL  - 6
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Zhiyu Chen

Peiyou Education School, Shanghai, China

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APA Style

Zhiyu Chen. (2018). Both Chargaff Second Parity Rule and the Strand Symmetry Rule Are Imprecise. American Journal of Life Sciences, 6(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20180601.11

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ACS Style

Zhiyu Chen. Both Chargaff Second Parity Rule and the Strand Symmetry Rule Are Imprecise. Am. J. Life Sci. 2018, 6(1), 1-6. doi: 10.11648/j.ajls.20180601.11

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AMA Style

Zhiyu Chen. Both Chargaff Second Parity Rule and the Strand Symmetry Rule Are Imprecise. Am J Life Sci. 2018;6(1):1-6. doi: 10.11648/j.ajls.20180601.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajls.20180601.11,
  author = {Zhiyu Chen},
  title = {Both Chargaff Second Parity Rule and the Strand Symmetry Rule Are Imprecise},
  journal = {American Journal of Life Sciences},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-6},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajls.20180601.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20180601.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajls.20180601.11},
  abstract = {In order to check Chargaff Second Parity Rule, we find the strands are asymmetric in human DNA, this breaks the strand symmetry rule. We calculate the ratio between oligonucleotide ATGC and oligonucleotide CGTA, and we compare the sample sequence average ratio ATGC/CGTA and the complementary sequence average ratio ATGC/CGTA. we find evolution degree more bigger, then the strand symmetry deviation will be more bigger. sequence and its complementary strand sequence obviously have two different characters, include physical property, chemical property and biological property. It is very important, base on this asymmetry, we can find some new and special theories in biology to explain how chromosome communicates and works in the future. we also find, both leukemia and breast cancer are weakening the DNA’s asymmetry degree. Here need more research and check, maybe we can find an easy diagnosing method to leukemia and breast cancer, if this result here is right at last, it will benefit to the world.},
 year = {2018}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Both Chargaff Second Parity Rule and the Strand Symmetry Rule Are Imprecise
AU  - Zhiyu Chen
Y1  - 2018/03/09
PY  - 2018
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20180601.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajls.20180601.11
T2  - American Journal of Life Sciences
JF  - American Journal of Life Sciences
JO  - American Journal of Life Sciences
SP  - 1
EP  - 6
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5737
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20180601.11
AB  - In order to check Chargaff Second Parity Rule, we find the strands are asymmetric in human DNA, this breaks the strand symmetry rule. We calculate the ratio between oligonucleotide ATGC and oligonucleotide CGTA, and we compare the sample sequence average ratio ATGC/CGTA and the complementary sequence average ratio ATGC/CGTA. we find evolution degree more bigger, then the strand symmetry deviation will be more bigger. sequence and its complementary strand sequence obviously have two different characters, include physical property, chemical property and biological property. It is very important, base on this asymmetry, we can find some new and special theories in biology to explain how chromosome communicates and works in the future. we also find, both leukemia and breast cancer are weakening the DNA’s asymmetry degree. Here need more research and check, maybe we can find an easy diagnosing method to leukemia and breast cancer, if this result here is right at last, it will benefit to the world.
VL  - 6
IS  - 1
ER  -

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