Variation of Atmospheric Temperature with Height in the Phenomena of Lightning Waveforms

Pitri Bhakta Adhikari

doi:doi:10.11648/j.wjap.20190404.11

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Variation of Atmospheric Temperature with Height in the Phenomena of Lightning Waveforms

Pitri Bhakta Adhikari

Published in World Journal of Applied Physics (Volume 4, Issue 4)

Received: 8 October 2019 Accepted: 9 October 2019 Published: 10 December 2019

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Abstract

The temperature at different height at different places is different, it may depend on various factors. The variation of atmospheric temperature varies as a function of height taken from the sea level. The temperature decreases with height in the troposphere. The location of the charge centre appears to be determined by temperature and not by the height of the cloud above the ground. The main negative charge centre is generally located between the -10°C and -25°C isotherms with the main positive charges some km higher up. Due to the variation of temperature, the ice crystal, super cooled water droplet etc. move updraft and downdraft, forms the charge in the cloud due to which the lightning phenomena occurs. In the cloud, the negative charge lies in the central part of the cloud, positive charge remains on above the negative charge centre in the cloud and small amount of positive charge as a pocket charge remains on the bottom part of the cloud. The positive ground flashes are initiated from the upper positive charge region and the negative ground flashes are initiated from the negative charge region in the thunder-cloud. The lower positive charge also play an important role for determining the different types of lightning.

Published in	World Journal of Applied Physics (Volume 4, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.wjap.20190404.11
Page(s)	46-50
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2019. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Temperature and Height, Negative Charge Centre, Positive Charge Centre, Positive Lightning, Negative Lightning

References

[1]	Rakov, V. A., & Uman, M. A. (2003). Lightning: Physics and Effects. Cambridge University Press, UK.
[2]	Uman, M. A. (2001). The Lightning Discharge. Dover Edition, New York.
[3]	Krehbiel, P. R., Brook, M., McCrory, R. A., (1979). An analysis of the charge structure of lightning discharge to ground. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 84.
[4]	MacGorman, D. R., & Rust, W. D. (1998). The Electrical Nature of Storms. New York: Oxford Univeristy Press.
[5]	Cooray, V. (2015). An Introduction to Lightning. Springer Netherlands.
[6]	Krehbiel P. R., (1986). The electrical structure of thunderstorm, the earth’s electrical environment. National Academy Press, Washington D. C.
[7]	Krehbiel, P. R., Brook, M., Lhermitte, R. L. and Lenon, C. L. (1983). Lightning charge structure in Thunderstorm. In “proceedings in Atmospheric Electricity”, Deepak Hampton, Virginia.
[8]	Simpson, G. C. and Robinson, G. D. (1941). The distribution of electricity in the thunderclouds, proceedings in Research Society, London series A, Vol. 117.
[9]	Winn, W. P., Moore, C. B. and Holmes, C. R. (1981). Electric Field Structure in an Active Part of a small, Isolated Thundercloud. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 86.
[10]	Marshall, T. C., Winn, W. P. (1985). Comments on “The ‘Rain Gush,’ Lightning, and the lower positive centre in thunderstorm” by E. R. Jayaratne and C. P. R. Saunders. Journal of Geophysical Research.
[11]	Weber, M. E., Christian, H., J., Few, A. A. and Stewart (1982). A thundercloud Electric field sounding, Charge Distribution and Lightning. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 87.
[12]	Sharma, S. (2007). Electromagnetic Fields Radiated by Lightning in Tropical and Temperate Regions. PhD thesis. Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka.
[13]	Berger, K. (1977). The Earth Flash. In Lightning, Physics of Lightning. Academic Press, New York.
[14]	Uman, M. A. (1987). Lightning. Dover Publications, New York.
[15]	Adhikari, P. B., Sharma, S. R., Baral, K. N., & Rakov V. A. (2017). Unusual lightning electric field waveforms observed in Kathmandu, Nepal, and Uppsala, Sweden (2017); Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 164, 172-184. Homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jastp
[16]	Nanevicz, J. E., Vance, E. F., & Hamm, J. M. (1987). Observation of lightning in the frequency and time domains. Lightning Electromagnetics, 7, 267-286.
[17]	Adhikari, P. B., (2019), Measurement of Electric Fields due to Lightning Radiation. Springer Nature Switzerland AG, doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14680-1_5, AISC 905 pp. 38 - 43.
[18]	Adhikari, P. B., Sharma, S. R., & Baral, K. N. (2016). Features of positive ground flashes observed in Kathmandu Nepal. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 145, 106-113.

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Pitri Bhakta Adhikari. (2019). Variation of Atmospheric Temperature with Height in the Phenomena of Lightning Waveforms. World Journal of Applied Physics, 4(4), 46-50. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjap.20190404.11

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ACS Style

Pitri Bhakta Adhikari. Variation of Atmospheric Temperature with Height in the Phenomena of Lightning Waveforms. World J. Appl. Phys. 2019, 4(4), 46-50. doi: 10.11648/j.wjap.20190404.11

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AMA Style

Pitri Bhakta Adhikari. Variation of Atmospheric Temperature with Height in the Phenomena of Lightning Waveforms. World J Appl Phys. 2019;4(4):46-50. doi: 10.11648/j.wjap.20190404.11

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@article{10.11648/j.wjap.20190404.11,
  author = {Pitri Bhakta Adhikari},
  title = {Variation of Atmospheric Temperature with Height in the Phenomena of Lightning Waveforms},
  journal = {World Journal of Applied Physics},
  volume = {4},
  number = {4},
  pages = {46-50},
  doi = {10.11648/j.wjap.20190404.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjap.20190404.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wjap.20190404.11},
  abstract = {The temperature at different height at different places is different, it may depend on various factors. The variation of atmospheric temperature varies as a function of height taken from the sea level. The temperature decreases with height in the troposphere. The location of the charge centre appears to be determined by temperature and not by the height of the cloud above the ground. The main negative charge centre is generally located between the -10°C and -25°C isotherms with the main positive charges some km higher up. Due to the variation of temperature, the ice crystal, super cooled water droplet etc. move updraft and downdraft, forms the charge in the cloud due to which the lightning phenomena occurs. In the cloud, the negative charge lies in the central part of the cloud, positive charge remains on above the negative charge centre in the cloud and small amount of positive charge as a pocket charge remains on the bottom part of the cloud. The positive ground flashes are initiated from the upper positive charge region and the negative ground flashes are initiated from the negative charge region in the thunder-cloud. The lower positive charge also play an important role for determining the different types of lightning.},
 year = {2019}
}

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TY - JOUR
T1 - Variation of Atmospheric Temperature with Height in the Phenomena of Lightning Waveforms
AU - Pitri Bhakta Adhikari
Y1 - 2019/12/10
PY - 2019
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjap.20190404.11
DO - 10.11648/j.wjap.20190404.11
T2 - World Journal of Applied Physics
JF - World Journal of Applied Physics
JO - World Journal of Applied Physics
SP - 46
EP - 50
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2637-6008
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjap.20190404.11
AB - The temperature at different height at different places is different, it may depend on various factors. The variation of atmospheric temperature varies as a function of height taken from the sea level. The temperature decreases with height in the troposphere. The location of the charge centre appears to be determined by temperature and not by the height of the cloud above the ground. The main negative charge centre is generally located between the -10°C and -25°C isotherms with the main positive charges some km higher up. Due to the variation of temperature, the ice crystal, super cooled water droplet etc. move updraft and downdraft, forms the charge in the cloud due to which the lightning phenomena occurs. In the cloud, the negative charge lies in the central part of the cloud, positive charge remains on above the negative charge centre in the cloud and small amount of positive charge as a pocket charge remains on the bottom part of the cloud. The positive ground flashes are initiated from the upper positive charge region and the negative ground flashes are initiated from the negative charge region in the thunder-cloud. The lower positive charge also play an important role for determining the different types of lightning.
VL - 4
IS - 4
ER -

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Author Information

Pitri Bhakta Adhikari

Department of Physics, Tri-chandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal

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APA Style

Pitri Bhakta Adhikari. (2019). Variation of Atmospheric Temperature with Height in the Phenomena of Lightning Waveforms. World Journal of Applied Physics, 4(4), 46-50. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjap.20190404.11

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ACS Style

Pitri Bhakta Adhikari. Variation of Atmospheric Temperature with Height in the Phenomena of Lightning Waveforms. World J. Appl. Phys. 2019, 4(4), 46-50. doi: 10.11648/j.wjap.20190404.11

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AMA Style

Pitri Bhakta Adhikari. Variation of Atmospheric Temperature with Height in the Phenomena of Lightning Waveforms. World J Appl Phys. 2019;4(4):46-50. doi: 10.11648/j.wjap.20190404.11

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@article{10.11648/j.wjap.20190404.11,
  author = {Pitri Bhakta Adhikari},
  title = {Variation of Atmospheric Temperature with Height in the Phenomena of Lightning Waveforms},
  journal = {World Journal of Applied Physics},
  volume = {4},
  number = {4},
  pages = {46-50},
  doi = {10.11648/j.wjap.20190404.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjap.20190404.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wjap.20190404.11},
  abstract = {The temperature at different height at different places is different, it may depend on various factors. The variation of atmospheric temperature varies as a function of height taken from the sea level. The temperature decreases with height in the troposphere. The location of the charge centre appears to be determined by temperature and not by the height of the cloud above the ground. The main negative charge centre is generally located between the -10°C and -25°C isotherms with the main positive charges some km higher up. Due to the variation of temperature, the ice crystal, super cooled water droplet etc. move updraft and downdraft, forms the charge in the cloud due to which the lightning phenomena occurs. In the cloud, the negative charge lies in the central part of the cloud, positive charge remains on above the negative charge centre in the cloud and small amount of positive charge as a pocket charge remains on the bottom part of the cloud. The positive ground flashes are initiated from the upper positive charge region and the negative ground flashes are initiated from the negative charge region in the thunder-cloud. The lower positive charge also play an important role for determining the different types of lightning.},
 year = {2019}
}

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