Magnetic Vortex Dynamics and I-V Characteristics in Type-II Superconductors

Gwang Il Mun; Yong U Pak; Yu Gwang Ryu; Songchol Hong

doi:doi:10.11648/j.wjap.20251004.12

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Magnetic Vortex Dynamics and I-V Characteristics in Type-II Superconductors

Gwang Il Mun

, Yong U Pak

, Yu Gwang Ryu

, Songchol Hong^*

Published in World Journal of Applied Physics (Volume 10, Issue 4)

Received: 7 September 2025 Accepted: 25 September 2025 Published: 28 October 2025

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Abstract

We study the dynamics of flux vortices and I-V characteristics of a type-II superconductor in which the flux-pinning centers are randomly distributed with various contents and applied with a transport current and an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field and transport current are applied to a superconductor, the vortex dynamics inside the superconductor is very complex. This is especially true if the flux-fixing centers are randomly distributed. We have performed simulations by choosing the transport current through the type-II superconductor in which the first vortex motion is observed and the value of the applied external magnetic field. The simulation results of vortex dynamics inside superconductors are analyzed through electric field profiles and E-t curves. We emphasize here that the electric field profile and total energy have a very close relationship. We found that the change in total energy is the most significant at ω=0.2, in terms of the content of the flux-pinning centers distributed inside the superconductor. This indicates that the distribution of flux-pinning centers plays a very large role in the properties of the type-II superconductor. We also found from our study of the I-V characteristics of superconductors that when a superconductor transitions from a superconducting state to a normal conducting state, the I-V characteristics are linearized, especially as the content of the flux-pinning centers increases faster.

Published in	World Journal of Applied Physics (Volume 10, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.wjap.20251004.12
Page(s)	85-94
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Time Dependent Ginzburg-Landau Model, Type-II Superconductor, Vortex Dynamics, Pinning Center, Content, I-V Characteristic

References

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APA Style

Mun, G. I., Pak, Y. U., Ryu, Y. G., Hong, S. (2025). Magnetic Vortex Dynamics and I-V Characteristics in Type-II Superconductors. World Journal of Applied Physics, 10(4), 85-94. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjap.20251004.12

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ACS Style

Mun, G. I.; Pak, Y. U.; Ryu, Y. G.; Hong, S. Magnetic Vortex Dynamics and I-V Characteristics in Type-II Superconductors. World J. Appl. Phys. 2025, 10(4), 85-94. doi: 10.11648/j.wjap.20251004.12

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AMA Style

Mun GI, Pak YU, Ryu YG, Hong S. Magnetic Vortex Dynamics and I-V Characteristics in Type-II Superconductors. World J Appl Phys. 2025;10(4):85-94. doi: 10.11648/j.wjap.20251004.12

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@article{10.11648/j.wjap.20251004.12,
  author = {Gwang Il Mun and Yong U Pak and Yu Gwang Ryu and Songchol Hong},
  title = {Magnetic Vortex Dynamics and I-V Characteristics in Type-II Superconductors
},
  journal = {World Journal of Applied Physics},
  volume = {10},
  number = {4},
  pages = {85-94},
  doi = {10.11648/j.wjap.20251004.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjap.20251004.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wjap.20251004.12},
  abstract = {We study the dynamics of flux vortices and I-V characteristics of a type-II superconductor in which the flux-pinning centers are randomly distributed with various contents and applied with a transport current and an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field and transport current are applied to a superconductor, the vortex dynamics inside the superconductor is very complex. This is especially true if the flux-fixing centers are randomly distributed. We have performed simulations by choosing the transport current through the type-II superconductor in which the first vortex motion is observed and the value of the applied external magnetic field. The simulation results of vortex dynamics inside superconductors are analyzed through electric field profiles and E-t curves. We emphasize here that the electric field profile and total energy have a very close relationship. We found that the change in total energy is the most significant at ω=0.2, in terms of the content of the flux-pinning centers distributed inside the superconductor. This indicates that the distribution of flux-pinning centers plays a very large role in the properties of the type-II superconductor. We also found from our study of the I-V characteristics of superconductors that when a superconductor transitions from a superconducting state to a normal conducting state, the I-V characteristics are linearized, especially as the content of the flux-pinning centers increases faster.
},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Magnetic Vortex Dynamics and I-V Characteristics in Type-II Superconductors

AU  - Gwang Il Mun
AU  - Yong U Pak
AU  - Yu Gwang Ryu
AU  - Songchol Hong
Y1  - 2025/10/28
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjap.20251004.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.wjap.20251004.12
T2  - World Journal of Applied Physics
JF  - World Journal of Applied Physics
JO  - World Journal of Applied Physics
SP  - 85
EP  - 94
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2637-6008
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjap.20251004.12
AB  - We study the dynamics of flux vortices and I-V characteristics of a type-II superconductor in which the flux-pinning centers are randomly distributed with various contents and applied with a transport current and an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field and transport current are applied to a superconductor, the vortex dynamics inside the superconductor is very complex. This is especially true if the flux-fixing centers are randomly distributed. We have performed simulations by choosing the transport current through the type-II superconductor in which the first vortex motion is observed and the value of the applied external magnetic field. The simulation results of vortex dynamics inside superconductors are analyzed through electric field profiles and E-t curves. We emphasize here that the electric field profile and total energy have a very close relationship. We found that the change in total energy is the most significant at ω=0.2, in terms of the content of the flux-pinning centers distributed inside the superconductor. This indicates that the distribution of flux-pinning centers plays a very large role in the properties of the type-II superconductor. We also found from our study of the I-V characteristics of superconductors that when a superconductor transitions from a superconducting state to a normal conducting state, the I-V characteristics are linearized, especially as the content of the flux-pinning centers increases faster.

VL  - 10
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

Gwang Il Mun

Faculty of Physical Engineering, Kim Chaek University of Technology, Pyongyang, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea; Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Kim Chaek University of Technology, Pyongyang, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

http://orcid.org/0009-0008-7150-0244
Yong U Pak

Faculty of Physical Engineering, Kim Chaek University of Technology, Pyongyang, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

http://orcid.org/0009-0000-3197-3700
Yu Gwang Ryu

Faculty of Physical Engineering, Kim Chaek University of Technology, Pyongyang, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5053-0171
Songchol Hong

Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Kim Chaek University of Technology, Pyongyang, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6525-9537

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APA Style

Mun, G. I., Pak, Y. U., Ryu, Y. G., Hong, S. (2025). Magnetic Vortex Dynamics and I-V Characteristics in Type-II Superconductors. World Journal of Applied Physics, 10(4), 85-94. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjap.20251004.12

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ACS Style

Mun, G. I.; Pak, Y. U.; Ryu, Y. G.; Hong, S. Magnetic Vortex Dynamics and I-V Characteristics in Type-II Superconductors. World J. Appl. Phys. 2025, 10(4), 85-94. doi: 10.11648/j.wjap.20251004.12

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AMA Style

Mun GI, Pak YU, Ryu YG, Hong S. Magnetic Vortex Dynamics and I-V Characteristics in Type-II Superconductors. World J Appl Phys. 2025;10(4):85-94. doi: 10.11648/j.wjap.20251004.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.wjap.20251004.12,
  author = {Gwang Il Mun and Yong U Pak and Yu Gwang Ryu and Songchol Hong},
  title = {Magnetic Vortex Dynamics and I-V Characteristics in Type-II Superconductors
},
  journal = {World Journal of Applied Physics},
  volume = {10},
  number = {4},
  pages = {85-94},
  doi = {10.11648/j.wjap.20251004.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjap.20251004.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wjap.20251004.12},
  abstract = {We study the dynamics of flux vortices and I-V characteristics of a type-II superconductor in which the flux-pinning centers are randomly distributed with various contents and applied with a transport current and an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field and transport current are applied to a superconductor, the vortex dynamics inside the superconductor is very complex. This is especially true if the flux-fixing centers are randomly distributed. We have performed simulations by choosing the transport current through the type-II superconductor in which the first vortex motion is observed and the value of the applied external magnetic field. The simulation results of vortex dynamics inside superconductors are analyzed through electric field profiles and E-t curves. We emphasize here that the electric field profile and total energy have a very close relationship. We found that the change in total energy is the most significant at ω=0.2, in terms of the content of the flux-pinning centers distributed inside the superconductor. This indicates that the distribution of flux-pinning centers plays a very large role in the properties of the type-II superconductor. We also found from our study of the I-V characteristics of superconductors that when a superconductor transitions from a superconducting state to a normal conducting state, the I-V characteristics are linearized, especially as the content of the flux-pinning centers increases faster.
},
 year = {2025}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Magnetic Vortex Dynamics and I-V Characteristics in Type-II Superconductors

AU  - Gwang Il Mun
AU  - Yong U Pak
AU  - Yu Gwang Ryu
AU  - Songchol Hong
Y1  - 2025/10/28
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjap.20251004.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.wjap.20251004.12
T2  - World Journal of Applied Physics
JF  - World Journal of Applied Physics
JO  - World Journal of Applied Physics
SP  - 85
EP  - 94
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2637-6008
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjap.20251004.12
AB  - We study the dynamics of flux vortices and I-V characteristics of a type-II superconductor in which the flux-pinning centers are randomly distributed with various contents and applied with a transport current and an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field and transport current are applied to a superconductor, the vortex dynamics inside the superconductor is very complex. This is especially true if the flux-fixing centers are randomly distributed. We have performed simulations by choosing the transport current through the type-II superconductor in which the first vortex motion is observed and the value of the applied external magnetic field. The simulation results of vortex dynamics inside superconductors are analyzed through electric field profiles and E-t curves. We emphasize here that the electric field profile and total energy have a very close relationship. We found that the change in total energy is the most significant at ω=0.2, in terms of the content of the flux-pinning centers distributed inside the superconductor. This indicates that the distribution of flux-pinning centers plays a very large role in the properties of the type-II superconductor. We also found from our study of the I-V characteristics of superconductors that when a superconductor transitions from a superconducting state to a normal conducting state, the I-V characteristics are linearized, especially as the content of the flux-pinning centers increases faster.

VL  - 10
IS  - 4
ER  -

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