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Resources and Threats of the Eco-Tourism Development in Georgia
Giorgi Khomeriki
,
Giorgi Meladze
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 3-1, May 2015
Pages: 180-185
Received: 11 March 2015
Accepted: 11 March 2015
Published: 25 June 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajep.s.2015040301.38
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Abstract: Ecological tourism can play a certain role in solving the problems of environment protection and sustainable and safe development of the country. The article considers some specific problems of the eco-tourism development in Georgia. The results of the study of the tourism potential in the regions in 2009-2014 revealed that: Georgia has substantial means to develop eco-tourism. This is true not only for the protected areas, but also for individual natural and geographical areas of the different regions (historical areas) of the country. The distinctive feature of the country’s eco-tourism potential is particularly diversified relief forms and natural eco-systems, in particular, intense variation of the landscapes and great contrasts between them (seaside and mountain, humid subtropical and arid zone, river gorges and steppe landscapes alternate over small areas), widely distributed endemic biological species, and traditional ethnographic, farming and domestic cultural forms survived in the historical regions (mostly in the mountains) of the country. The principal eco-tourism value is the natural eco-systems being only insignificantly modified due to industrial changes and maintaining their “natural originality”. In addition, numerous remnants of historical and cultural heritage give them a certain value. They naturally merge with the environment and not dominate over it, but add to its beauty. The threats to the environment are mostly associated with an increasing anthropogenic “aggression”, destruction of the traditional mode of nature management meaning certain degree of responsibility and deficient environmental laws and mechanisms of their execution. The problem is further aggravated by the fact that due to the limited territories, the eco-systems of the country are particularly sensitive to technogenic pressure. Concrete eco-tourism projects must inevitably envisage preliminary geo-ecological works.
Abstract: Ecological tourism can play a certain role in solving the problems of environment protection and sustainable and safe development of the country. The article considers some specific problems of the eco-tourism development in Georgia. The results of the study of the tourism potential in the regions in 2009-2014 revealed that: Georgia has substantial...
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Phenotype Variations of TAS2R38 Gene and Its Bioecological Significance
Rusudan Khukhunaishvili
,
Marina Koridze
,
Marina Nagervadze
,
Ciuri Khizrevanidze
,
Shorena Gabaidze
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 3-1, May 2015
Pages: 175-179
Received: 31 March 2015
Accepted: 2 April 2015
Published: 25 June 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajep.s.2015040301.37
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Abstract: People have different feeling skills of the bitterness of compound phenylthiocarbamide (PTC). This trait has been shown to correlate with a number of dietary preferences and thus may have important implications for human health. There are two types of phenotypes in different ethno groups and populations according to this feature: PTC tester and PTC non-tester. Both phenotypes, besides some rare exceptions, are fixed in almost every population. We have studied the phenotypic variants of feeling the PTC bitterness spread in Georgian ethno group for the first time. Basing on the conducted experiments, about ¾ of the investigated population turned out to be sensitive towards PTC, and ¼ of the population – insensitive. We have analyzed the phenotypic structure of PTC feeling in the people who smoke in the population. The majority of the smokers (70%) turned out to be PTC non-tester and only 30% - PTC tester. It is important to study the phenotypic variants of feelings coded with TAS2R38 gene in the point of view of both – genetic structure of the population and bio-ecology in order to plan different kinds of preventive measures.
Abstract: People have different feeling skills of the bitterness of compound phenylthiocarbamide (PTC). This trait has been shown to correlate with a number of dietary preferences and thus may have important implications for human health. There are two types of phenotypes in different ethno groups and populations according to this feature: PTC tester and PTC...
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North American Multi-Purpose Dear Introducent Plants in Western Georgia Humid Subtropical Conditions
Mariam Metreveli
,
Avtandil Meskhidze
,
Feride Tchaidze
,
Julieta Jakeli
,
Dali Beridze
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 3-1, May 2015
Pages: 168-174
Received: 24 March 2015
Accepted: 25 March 2015
Published: 25 June 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajep.s.2015040301.36
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Abstract: The article deals with bioecological peculiarities and application of exotic plants Liquidambar styraciflua L., Liriodendron tulipifera L. and Magnolia grandiflora L. introduced in Adjara or the South Colchis Black Sea littoral in the conditions of Transcaucasia, namely, Western Georgia humid subtropics. Namely, the following has been studied peculiarities of growth and development, adaptation, reproduction and natural rehabilitation, Antimicrobial Action of Extracts Obtained from Leaves. The multifold application recommendations are given on.
Abstract: The article deals with bioecological peculiarities and application of exotic plants Liquidambar styraciflua L., Liriodendron tulipifera L. and Magnolia grandiflora L. introduced in Adjara or the South Colchis Black Sea littoral in the conditions of Transcaucasia, namely, Western Georgia humid subtropics. Namely, the following has been studied pecul...
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Impact of Global Warming on the Vegetation Durable and Distribution Area of Crops in the Humid Subtropical and Mountainous Regions of Georgia
Giorgi Meladze
,
Maia Meladze
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 3-1, May 2015
Pages: 162-167
Received: 23 February 2015
Accepted: 24 February 2015
Published: 25 June 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajep.s.2015040301.35
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Abstract: The surface air temperature in the Eastern and Western parts of Georgia in conditions of global warming, has increased by 0.2-0.5ºC, respectively. By 2030-2050, the average increase in the annual temperature may reach 1-2ºC. Therefore, the preliminary evaluation of the impact of such an increase on the agrarian sector is important. The increasing and decreasing trends of the duration of the vegetation period and sums of active temperatures and atmospheric precipitations were revealed for the vegetation period in humid subtropical zone of Adjara in West Georgia and mountainous regions of Samtskhe-Javakheti in East Georgia, according to the trend. The increasing trend of the sum of temperatures in the humid subtropical zone of Adjara has reached 52ºC for half a century (1956-2005). In terms of such a temperature increase, the sum of active temperatures is going to exceed 100ºC by 2050 what will be beneficial for the ripening of citrus fruits and high productivity of other crops in terms of moderate soil productivity. The increasing trend for the sum of active temperatures in Samtskhe-Javakheti region in the above-said period reached 125ºC according to the trend, and may double by 2050 reaching 3192ºC. The given sum of active temperatures will improve the productivity of cereals, fruit-trees, vegetables, vine (early, with moderate ripeness) and other crops, in terms of relevant irrigation. According to the current (basic) and future scenario (2020-2050) in Adjara region, by considering 1ºC increase in air temperature, there are four micro-zones allocated (up to 500 m a.s.l.) to grow appropriate crops. For Samtskhe-Javakheti region Under the current (basic) and future scenario, the increase in temperature by 2ºC, there are four micro-zones allocated (by 500 m gradation), to grow appropriate crops.
Abstract: The surface air temperature in the Eastern and Western parts of Georgia in conditions of global warming, has increased by 0.2-0.5ºC, respectively. By 2030-2050, the average increase in the annual temperature may reach 1-2ºC. Therefore, the preliminary evaluation of the impact of such an increase on the agrarian sector is important. The increasing a...
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Forms and Extent of Ferrugination in Soils of Georgia
Lia Matchavariani
,
Dali Nikolaishvili
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 3-1, May 2015
Pages: 157-161
Received: 27 April 2015
Accepted: 28 April 2015
Published: 25 June 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajep.s.2015040301.34
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Abstract: Ferruginization as one of the most characteristic processes in soils of Georgia, has been investigated both qualitatively and quantitatively mainly micropedologically, by polarizing microscopy on thin sections. A study was undertaken to determine some of pedological factors affecting the genesis of Fe-formations in soils series of West and East Georgia. This process is diagnosed by the presence of different forms of ferrous formations, concentration level or iron crystallization, ferruginized micro-zones of plasma impregnation with ferric hydroxides, etc. A map showing the distribution of the ferrugination process in the soils of Georgia was created.
Abstract: Ferruginization as one of the most characteristic processes in soils of Georgia, has been investigated both qualitatively and quantitatively mainly micropedologically, by polarizing microscopy on thin sections. A study was undertaken to determine some of pedological factors affecting the genesis of Fe-formations in soils series of West and East Geo...
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Genetic Characteristics of Brown Forest Soils on the Middle Urals
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 3-1, May 2015
Pages: 148-156
Received: 5 March 2015
Accepted: 8 March 2015
Published: 25 June 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajep.s.2015040301.33
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Abstract: Feature of mountain soil formation is that the soils on the mountain slopes are formed in different bioclimatic and orogeomorfological conditions. The purpose of research is to study genetic properties of the brown forest soils in the Middle Urals. Features of the morphological structure: truncated profile (35-75 cm), weakly expressed in the differentiation of the soil profile into individual Horizons, detritus (20-65%), loamy fine earth, the signs of podzolization in the soil profile is not found. Feature granulometric size distribution of the soil - a gradual increase in weight on the profile into Sandy Loam to Silty Clay and Clay, the dominant factions are either big Silt or Sand. Soils are characterized by a very acidic environment and high hydrolytic acidity. The soils are enriched in organic matter and humus profile characterized by prolixity. Group composition humus shows mobility, high degree of humification of organic substances to fulvic acids. Gross composition shows that the processes of soil formation on Mount, North Basegi aren’t leading to a distinctly different profile. Coefficients of geochemical accumulation, subsurface weathering, eluviation, oxidation calculated and helped define the features of the gross composition of soils. Character of distribution in profile and correlation of forms of iron help to diagnose physical processes of weathering and soil formation (burozemic pedogenesis et al.); signs Podzolization not revealed. Weathering and soil formation processes that occur with varying intensity, creating a diversity of soil cover and the spatial heterogeneity of soils, even within the same type. Thus, in the mountains of the Middle Urals brown forest soils form a number of subtypes: raw organic (900 m) - ferruginized (655 m) - metamorphosed (590 m) - clay-illuvial (577 m) - eluvial (565 m) - clay-illuvial (315 m).
Abstract: Feature of mountain soil formation is that the soils on the mountain slopes are formed in different bioclimatic and orogeomorfological conditions. The purpose of research is to study genetic properties of the brown forest soils in the Middle Urals. Features of the morphological structure: truncated profile (35-75 cm), weakly expressed in the differ...
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A New Approach and Tools for Perfecting Phytoremediation Technology
Tamar Varazi
,
Maritsa Kurashvili
,
Marina Pruidze
,
Gia Khatisashvili
,
Nino Gagelidze
,
George Adamia
,
George Zaalishvili
,
Marlen Gordeziani
,
Mark Sutton
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 3-1, May 2015
Pages: 143-147
Received: 26 February 2015
Accepted: 1 March 2015
Published: 25 June 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajep.s.2015040301.32
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Abstract: The development of methods for soil remediation for removal of chemical contaminants is a large and challenging problem. A new phytoremediation technology, given in the present work, is based on joint application of natural sorbents, microorganisms and plants. The method aims at prevention of chemical contamination of soils. It has the potential to restore a polluted environment and prevent dissemination of toxic compounds from hotbeds of pollution for a considerable length of time. The presented complex biotechnology is important from the viewpoint of prevention. This technology can be applied to soils contaminated with heavy metals, oil hydrocarbons, explosives, pesticides and other pollutants. The main purpose of the carried out work is the development of a novel approach to the provision of ecological safety. The approach is based on using natural minerals composites which are comprised of natural mineral rocks, microorganism strains with high detoxification abilities and plants-phytoremediators. In this composite material, the function of a sorbent is to uptake and to trap pollutants thus restraining their emission in the environment. The role of the microorganisms is to accomplish the first stage of biodegradation of organic contaminants and then to apply phytoremediation as a unique cleanup strategy. Natural sorbent can be applied during the initial stage of cleaning up of contaminated soil, followed by application of a phytoremediation technology through purposeful planting of selected plants. This results in the total assimilation and complete mineralization of pollutants and/or their intermediates or in their partial transformation by microbes.Following contaminants were used in the present work: explosive – 2,4,6 trinitrotoluene (TNT), oil hydrocarbon (hexadecane) and Wax (long chain hydrocarbons). Special attention was paid to enhancement of soil fertility, which improves microorganism and plant growth conditions and is important for bioremediation processes providing total rehabilitation of soil.
Abstract: The development of methods for soil remediation for removal of chemical contaminants is a large and challenging problem. A new phytoremediation technology, given in the present work, is based on joint application of natural sorbents, microorganisms and plants. The method aims at prevention of chemical contamination of soils. It has the potential to...
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Natural and Anthropogenic Dynamics of Vegetation in the Aral Sea Coast
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 3-1, May 2015
Pages: 136-142
Received: 26 February 2015
Accepted: 1 March 2015
Published: 25 June 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajep.s.2015040301.31
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Abstract: Natural dynamics (primary successions) is studied in the dry seabed of the Aral Sea. Long-term studies of vegetation have identified three types of primary successions: psammosere, halosere and potamosere (sere of shrubby riparian vegetation). They differ by soil texture and salinity, patterns of temporal dynamics, and stages, selected on a basis of ecological-physiognomic features of dominant plants. Late seral stages were identified for succession types: psammophytic shrub (Calligonum spp, Astragalus brachypus, etc.) for psammosere; haloxerophytic and xerophytic dwarf semishrubs (Anabasis salsa, Artemisia pauciflora, A. terrae-albae) for halosere. There is a change of a dominant plant and succession dynamics in late seral stages in potamosere (Tamarix spp. → Calligonum spp, Haloxylon aphyllum, Artemisia terrae-albae). Anthropogenic dynamics of vegetation (secondary successions) depends on factors of disturbance. There is a set of anthropogenic factors causing degradation of vegetation cover: (1) agricultural: overgrazing, haymaking, plowing, clearing trees and shrubs; (2) linear structures (paved and dirt roads); (3) water management: construction and operation of hydraulic structures, fluctuation in river runoff and the sea level, disturbance in the natural flooding regime; (4) fires; (5) recreations. The leading factors in the region are connected with water management and irrigation. To identify the dynamics of plant communities and potential degradation trends, there are series of shifts (successional series): hydro-, xero-, halo-, psammo- seres characterizing moisture content and edaphic environments. Changes in the hydrologic regime of the Syrdarya river, building of the hydraulic structures lead to reduction of hydromorphic vegetation and a change it into halophytic desert. The construction of the Kokaral dam and restoration of the Small Aral Sea has led to the rehabilitation of wetlands and plant diversity. Hydrogenous succession facilitated a gradual recovery of populations of rare species listed in the Red Data Book of Kazakhstan, IUCN, Europe (Scirpus kasachstanicus, Nymphoides peltatum, Salvinia natans, Typha minima).
Abstract: Natural dynamics (primary successions) is studied in the dry seabed of the Aral Sea. Long-term studies of vegetation have identified three types of primary successions: psammosere, halosere and potamosere (sere of shrubby riparian vegetation). They differ by soil texture and salinity, patterns of temporal dynamics, and stages, selected on a basis o...
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Study and Preservation of Wild Relatives of Cultivated Plants of the Northern Tien Shan (Within Kazakhstan)
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 3-1, May 2015
Pages: 130-135
Received: 5 March 2015
Accepted: 8 March 2015
Published: 25 June 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajep.s.2015040301.30
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Abstract: Modern biodiversity declining, including wild relatives of cultivated plants (WRCP) is caused by anthropogenic pressure and represents a serious threat to the world community. Since 2013 in the Institute of Botany and Phytointroduction CS MES RK the state scientific and technical program: “Botanical variety of wild relatives of cultivated plants of Kazakhstan as a source of enrichment and preservation of the agrobiodiversity gene pool for realization of the Food programme” has been realized. In 2014 the WRCP species of the natural flora of the mountain regions of Southeast Kazakhstan were the objects of researches within 4 floristic areas – the southern hillside of the Zhungar, Ile and Kungey Alatau; Ketmen, Terskey Alatau and Shu-Ile mountains. Results of researches: the Northern Tien Shan botanical diversity was revealed; mobilization of reproductive material was made; features of species structure of WRCP were studied, their phytocenosis characteristics were obtained; resource and breeding-genetic assessment of WRCP was made; their phytopathogens were revealed; passports of species of WRCP of the studied territory were made. The ridges of the Northern Tien Shan belong to the regions possessing a rather high degree of botanical diversity and due to it, they are considered to be the important objects of WRCP’ concentration in Kazakhstan. The taxonomical analysis demonstrated that WRCP of the studied regions are presented by 46 families with 148 genera including 269 series. The greatest species variety of WRCPwas presented in the following families: PoaceaeBarnhart – 66 species; RosaceaeJuss. – 38, FabaceaeLindl. – 28 species. The hierarchical order of the first three leading is Poaceae, Rosaceae, Fabaceae. In 2014 the species share of 5 families increased: Asteraceae, there were 11 representatives and it became 17, Lamiaceae (9 – 13), Alliaceae (8 – 9), Caprifoliaceae (4 – 7), Polygonaceae (5 – 12).
Abstract: Modern biodiversity declining, including wild relatives of cultivated plants (WRCP) is caused by anthropogenic pressure and represents a serious threat to the world community. Since 2013 in the Institute of Botany and Phytointroduction CS MES RK the state scientific and technical program: “Botanical variety of wild relatives of cultivated plants of...
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Important Plant Areas of the Peri-North Tien Shan Subprovince as Perspective Protection Areas of Phytobiodiversity
G. M. Kudabayeva
,
P. V. Vesselova
,
M. P. Danilov
,
B. M. Sultanova
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 3-1, May 2015
Pages: 123-129
Received: 26 February 2015
Accepted: 1 March 2015
Published: 25 June 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajep.s.2015040301.29
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Abstract: This article describes the identification results of Important Plant Areas within the Peri-Tien Shan botanic-geographic sub-province. It was shown that identification of Important Plant Areas for Kazakhstan territory is the crucial tool for conservation of botanic diversity as well as rare, endemic and relic species. The results of the survey and their compliance with the criteria were shown by the example of three among 32 detected important areas. The botanic value of areas and their phytocoenotic diversity were demonstrated. The rare, endemic and relic species of each area were recorded.
Abstract: This article describes the identification results of Important Plant Areas within the Peri-Tien Shan botanic-geographic sub-province. It was shown that identification of Important Plant Areas for Kazakhstan territory is the crucial tool for conservation of botanic diversity as well as rare, endemic and relic species. The results of the survey and t...
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Study and approbation of ex situ conservation methods for preservation of the biodiversity of wild relatives of cultivated plants of Kazakhstan
Gulnara Sitpayeva
,
Tansara Murzatayeva
,
Saniya Inerbayeva
,
Karina Makhmudova
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 3-1, May 2015
Pages: 117-122
Received: 2 March 2015
Accepted: 4 March 2015
Published: 25 June 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajep.s.2015040301.28
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Abstract: Researchers of the laboratory of seed growing and plant protection of RSE “Institute of Botany and Phytointroduction” CS MOS RK are in the process of studying the techniques of the leading seed banks of the world, of their assessment and approbation using seed samples of wild relatives of the cultivated plants of Kazakhstan at their placing for storage. At the Institute of Botany and Phytointroduction of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan within the scientific-technical program “Botanical variety of wild relatives of cultivated plants of Kazakhstan as a source of enrichment and preservation of the agrobiodiversity gene pool for realization of the Food programme” for 2013-2015 the work on creation of seed bank of wild relatives of cultivated plants (WRCP) of Kazakhstan is being carried out. Since 2013 the employees of the Institute carry out collecting seed material of WRCP. In the present work the results of positive germinating test and planting the seeds of caper grassy (Capparis herbacea Willd.) collected in Kazakhstan are presented.
Abstract: Researchers of the laboratory of seed growing and plant protection of RSE “Institute of Botany and Phytointroduction” CS MOS RK are in the process of studying the techniques of the leading seed banks of the world, of their assessment and approbation using seed samples of wild relatives of the cultivated plants of Kazakhstan at their placing for sto...
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Life Characteristic of Сistanche Salsa (С.А. Мey.) G. Beck – Perspective Medicinal Plant of the South Peri–Balkhash Lake Saxaul Forests
N. G. Gemejiyeva
,
Zh. Zh. Karzhaubekova
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 3-1, May 2015
Pages: 111-116
Received: 4 February 2015
Accepted: 5 February 2015
Published: 25 June 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajep.s.2015040301.27
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Abstract: The present study was carried out within the framework of grant financing of scientific surveys per subject: Restoration potential of producing vegetation of solonchak cistanche (Сistanche salsa (С. А. Мey.) G. Beck) in the South Peri–Balkhash Lake area (2012–2014). The survey object is perspective medicinal plant encountered within the South Peri–Balkhash Lake area solonchak cistanche of the Orobanchaceae Vent. family, which in Kazakhstan is produced only at the territories of Almaty and Zhambyl regions and then it is exported to Korea and China as raw stock for production of a number of pharmacologically active compounds having wide spectrum of effect such as hypertension, sexual vigor, antioxidant activity, where at present time, the producing areas and reserves in these countries have diminished. The life characteristic of this species was studied for the purpose of balanced use and preservation of natural populations of cistanche as perspective source for production of plant-based preparations of tonic and antioxidant effect. As a result of surveys, the peculiarities of distribution and floristic composition of vegetation communities including solonchak cistanche located within the South Peri–Balkhash Lake area totaling at least 48 species of plants of 16 families were identified. As per results of field surveys, the inventory and monitoring of producing areas of cistanche were carried out before and after raw stock production. The reserves of raw stock materials were calculated and schematic maps on distribution of identified producing areas of cistanche within the surveyed area were compiled. The total hydroalcoholic extracts were received and preliminary phytochemical screening of cistanche vegetable stock collected in 2013–2014 in the area was provided. The stolons of studied plant were found to contain main groups of biologically active compounds such as flavonoids, coumarines, carbohydrates, amino acids, organic acids, alkaloids, triterpenoids, saponins. The structures of two substances were extracted and identified.
Abstract: The present study was carried out within the framework of grant financing of scientific surveys per subject: Restoration potential of producing vegetation of solonchak cistanche (Сistanche salsa (С. А. Мey.) G. Beck) in the South Peri–Balkhash Lake area (2012–2014). The survey object is perspective medicinal plant encountered within the South Peri–...
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Ethnobiological Study of Svaneti Fungi and Lichens: History of Research, Diversity, Local Names and Traditional Use
I. Kupradze
,
A. Jorjadze
,
A. Arabidze
,
T. Beltadze
,
K. Batsatsashvili
,
N. Y. Paniagua Zambrana
,
R. W. Bussmann
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 3-1, May 2015
Pages: 101-110
Received: 25 March 2015
Accepted: 26 March 2015
Published: 25 June 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajep.s.2015040301.26
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Abstract: Research about macro-fungi of Svaneti, a historical province of Georgia, started in the 1920th with a botanical expedition of R. Singer, under the auspices of the National Museum of Vienna. At present about 400 species of macro-fungi are known for Svaneti, 67 of which are edible (and used for food in Georgia), and 27 are poisonous. The history of Svaneti lichen research started with analysis of the material collected by H. Lojka and M. Dechy in 1884-1885 made by E. Vainio. As of now, 250 species of lichens are known for the region. In the present study ethnobiological interviews on Svaneti macro-fungi and lichens were conducted in 16 villages of Svaneti. Our analysis shows that the local population uses mainly 22 species of mushrooms for food, 10 of which are used most frequently: Armillaria mellea (Vahl) P. Kumm., Agaricus arvensis Schaeff., A. campestris L., Cantharellus cibarius Fr., Lactarius piperatus (L.) Pers., L. deliciosus (L.) Gray, Macrolepiota excoriata (Schaeff.) Wasser, M. procera (Scop.) Singer, Ramaria flava (Schaeff.) Quel. A comparison of the vernacular names given in the literature and mentioned in the interviews collected during the present study shows that the population of Svaneti must have had better knowledge of mushrooms in the past. This is evidenced by a much higher number of local names in literature: of about 50 vernacular names of particular species or groups of fungi found in the literature, only 12 are still used by the population. This paper presents various uses of macro-fungi in Svaneti as quoted in literature and based on interview data. Lichens, particularly, Usnea and Bryoria species, as well as Ramalina thrausta (Ach.) Nyl.are called “Pimpa” or “Pimpous” and “Chach”. The only use of these species was by hunters as field-bedding to keep warm in the cold winters. In addition, we describe in the present paper how fungi and lichen uses were reflected in the local folklore.
Abstract: Research about macro-fungi of Svaneti, a historical province of Georgia, started in the 1920th with a botanical expedition of R. Singer, under the auspices of the National Museum of Vienna. At present about 400 species of macro-fungi are known for Svaneti, 67 of which are edible (and used for food in Georgia), and 27 are poisonous. The history of S...
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Sensitive Alpine Plant Communities to the Global Environmental Changes (Kazbegi Region, the Central Great Caucasus)
Otar Abdaladze
,
Gia Nakhutsrishvili
,
Ketevan Batsatsashvili
,
Khatuna Gigauri
,
Tamar Jolokhava
,
George Mikeladze
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 3-1, May 2015
Pages: 93-100
Received: 25 March 2015
Accepted: 26 March 2015
Published: 25 June 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajep.s.2015040301.25
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Abstract: Sensitive plant communities are complexes of species particularly susceptible to global environmental changes (climate, land use, etc.). In the temperate zone alpine areas are considered as the most important “hot spots” in this respect. In the Central Great Caucasus, which is the traditional alpine vegetation monitoring site in the Caucasus, on the basis of 50-years long (1964-2014) phytosociological and ecological studies the most sensitive plant communities were distinguished: 1) Treeline ecotone communities, including: (a) Evergreen prostrate shrubbery dominated by Rhododendron caucasicum, (b) Dwarf semi-shrubbery dominated by Dryas caucasica and (c)Thermo-hygrophilous subalpine tall herbaceous vegetation dominated by Heracleum sosnowskyi; 2) Subalpine broad-leaved mesophilous meadows dominated by Anemonastrum fasciculatum, Geranium ruprechtii, Betonica macrantha and Trollius ranunculinus; 3) Alpine carpet-like meadows (“Alpine carpets”) consist of Campanula biebersteiniana, Veronica gentianoides, Taraxacum porphyrantum, Sibbaldia semiglabra, etc.; 4) Snow-bed vegetation (Galanthus platyphyllus, Fritillaria latifolia, etc.), and 5) Subnival/nival vegetation patches formed by 2-5(7) species (Cerastium kasbek, Alopecurus dasyanthus, Tripleurospermum subnivale, Saxifraga sibirica, S. flagellaris, Delphinium caucasicum, Nepeta supina, Pseudovesicaria digitata, Symphyoloma graveolens, etc.). Totally habitats of these plant communities cover about 1/3 of Kazbegi region area. Temperature rise, decrease in precipitation will lead to abrupt decrease of already small areas covered by Tertiary’s relict tall herbaceous vegetation; elimination of a number of highly sensitive plant species including: relic, rare, endemic and critically endangered; disappearance of alpine snow-bed species. On account of early snow thawing or belated snowfall in autumn chionophyte plants (elfin, prostrate and dwarf shrubs and forbs in the alpine zone) sensitive to low moisture content, few and short-term snow cover and high temperature will lose. Probably sharp changes should be expected in subnival/nival zones, first of all, related to abrupt decrease in the glacier areas and subsequent increase in the distribution range of many species. According to the scenario suggested for the South Caucasus, which is based on predicted 3.9°C rise of temperature and decrease of precipitation by 9-13% during the century, it is expected that further climate warming may significantly change the vegetation and consequently the landscapes in the region. The vegetation may become similar to that of dry gorges of the Rocky Ridge of the Great Caucasus, which are situated 10-15 km to the north of the Kazbegi region.
Abstract: Sensitive plant communities are complexes of species particularly susceptible to global environmental changes (climate, land use, etc.). In the temperate zone alpine areas are considered as the most important “hot spots” in this respect. In the Central Great Caucasus, which is the traditional alpine vegetation monitoring site in the Caucasus, on th...
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Has Ever Brahmaea Ledereri Rogenhofer, 1873 Inhabited the Colchis Refugium
Arnold Gegechkori
,
Eter Didmanidze
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 3-1, May 2015
Pages: 82-92
Received: 6 April 2015
Accepted: 9 April 2015
Published: 25 June 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajep.s.2015040301.24
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Abstract: The biogeographical background. There are two refugial centers in Transcaucasia: Colchis (along the Black Sea coast) and Hyrcan (Hyrcania) (along the Caspian Sea shore). Elements from Europe and Asia and their biogeographical subdivisions compose flora and fauna, which combined with the diverse geomorphology (Laurasian, Gondvanian), the presence of the impressive mountain ridge of the Great Caucasus, its insularity during 100 million years (from Cretaceous time), have resulted in a high taxonomic (species, genera) richness and endemism. The both refugiais characterized by a rather uniform thermical indexes, considerably the former one. The both shelters consist of an extraordinary abundance and diversity of thermophilic woody flora (trees, shrubs and vines) belonging to Arcto-Tertiary Geoflora. Except species typical for nemoral biota, there are extremely rare species of tropical-subtropical origin, which became extinct in South Caucasus during the Tertiary (at the close of the Pliocene) climate deterioration. In response to cooling climate and physiographic changes, some rare genera became restricted to both refugia of Transcaucasia. Most of them are now confined chiefly within the Hyrcanianrefugium (species of Albizia, Gleditsia, Panthera, Hystrix). Among the invertebrate fauna of Tertiary origin should be considerably mentioned species of remarkable nocturnal Brahmin moth – Brahmaea Walker. The interdisciplinary study of the orthodox view regarding the vicariant event between two species of moths as thoughthey are indigenous of Colchis (B. ledereri) and Talysh (B. christophi) does not actually exist. The reason circumstances to express such opinion remain important due for a variety of reasons which are given below.
Abstract: The biogeographical background. There are two refugial centers in Transcaucasia: Colchis (along the Black Sea coast) and Hyrcan (Hyrcania) (along the Caspian Sea shore). Elements from Europe and Asia and their biogeographical subdivisions compose flora and fauna, which combined with the diverse geomorphology (Laurasian, Gondvanian), the presence of...
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Alga Species Diversity of the Natural Park “Borovoye”
Satbay Nurashov
,
Elmira Sametova
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 3-1, May 2015
Pages: 78-81
Received: 30 March 2015
Accepted: 7 April 2015
Published: 25 June 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajep.s.2015040301.23
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Abstract: The work was carried out within the project “Algae-flora of lake systems of Kokshetau-Borovoye, development of the recommendations about fighting against species of micro- and macro-algae causing oozing and “blossoming” of ponds in mass people recreation zones”. Sample collecting was made during the expedition trips at summer season from the lakes Akkol, Lebedinoye and from the several region lakes such as Borovoye, Schuchiye, Bolshoye and Maloye Chebachye, Lebiyazhiye, Maybalyk, Katarkol and Shalkar. As a result of cameral processing and preliminary identification of the collected material more than 231 alga species were defined: Bacillariophyta – 151; Chlorophyta – 46; Cyanophyta – 16, Dinophyta – 4; Charophyta – 6; Euglenophyta – 7 and Chrysophyta – 1. Alga species and their distribution by systematic groups were determined. They belong to 71 genera, 39 families, 24 orders, 11 classes and 7 departments. The greatest species variety was belonged to Bacillariophyta and Chlorophyta alga species. Often seen, dominating and causing water “blossoming” alga species of all departments were revealed in lakes Akkol and Bolshoye Chebachye. Mass development was demonstrated by the species Anabaena flos-aquae Breb. ex Born. et Flah. and species of the genus Oscillatoria Vauch. ex Gom. On the stones there were revealed mucilaginous yellow-brown fouling of Bacillariophyta algae such as Gomphonema, Synedra and Melosira. Reasons of mass development of the activators of blossoming and oozing of the ponds were revealed. They were caused by: increase of the content of nitrates, phosphates and other nutrients in the water; washouting the non-organic fertilizers from the nearest hills and fields; sedimentary waters coming into the ponds. The abstract and the biological description of the alga species (231 species of 7 departments) revealed in the lakes of the studied territories were made. Among found algae the perspective species of Chlorophyta and Charophyta algae for purification of the polluted waters were marked out.
Abstract: The work was carried out within the project “Algae-flora of lake systems of Kokshetau-Borovoye, development of the recommendations about fighting against species of micro- and macro-algae causing oozing and “blossoming” of ponds in mass people recreation zones”. Sample collecting was made during the expedition trips at summer season from the lakes ...
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Algal Indication of Climatic Gradients
Sophia Barinova
,
Viktor Gabyshev
,
Mariyo Boboev
,
Lali Kukhaleishvili
,
Olena Bilous
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 3-1, May 2015
Pages: 72-77
Received: 4 February 2015
Accepted: 5 February 2015
Published: 25 June 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajep.s.2015040301.22
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Abstract: Bio-indication is only possible because algal communities respond to environmental changes in a consistent way. In particular, the vectors of algal changes over latitudes and altitudes are well correlated with respective climatic gradients. The relationships between biotic and climatic changes are insufficiently studied so far, but regularities are analyzable provided the adequate geographic scale. Thus the impact of seasonality requires ecological study of the aquatic object as a whole or a considerable part of it. For the gradient analysis of altitudinal changes the sampling data must cover a region of diverse relief, whereas latitudinal gradients are traceable of sizeable parts of continents encompassing different climatic zones. In our studies, the impact of temperature changes is invariably significant when revealed with the help of bio-indication analysis. In the boreal realm, algal development most typically show three seasonal peaks correlated with the dynamics of ice cover, whereas two to single peak are distinguished down the latitudes. The latitudinal dynamics is fairly obvious in the quantitative relationships between diatoms, green, golden algae, and Infraspecies-Species variability. With climatic stress ascending to the north, the role of diatoms, but in the high Arctic regions drops significantly. The Infraspecific variability index increases from 1.09 up to 1.42. To the south, over the mountainous areas of Tajikistan, Georgia, Mediterranean and India, diatoms consistently decrease over the altitudinal range 200 – 2500 meters, while the other algal groups betray a less significant variation. Such regularities are more obvious with statistical correlation of climatic variables and freshwater algal diversity. Thus the distribution of phytoplankton species in the rivers of Yakutia and Chukotka over the gradient of DHI index and the duration of the ice free period is controlled by sun light intensity in the first place, but also reflects variation in the climatic stress resistance, the most prominent in the case of diatom algae.
Abstract: Bio-indication is only possible because algal communities respond to environmental changes in a consistent way. In particular, the vectors of algal changes over latitudes and altitudes are well correlated with respective climatic gradients. The relationships between biotic and climatic changes are insufficiently studied so far, but regularities are...
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The Influence of Meteorological Conditions on Atmospheric Pollution in Georgia
Lamzira Lagidze
,
Lia Matchavariani
,
David Kereselidze
,
Nodar Tsivtsivadze
,
Nino Paichadze
,
Nargiz Motsonelidze
,
Maia Vakhtangishvili
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 3-1, May 2015
Pages: 67-71
Received: 30 March 2015
Accepted: 31 March 2015
Published: 25 June 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajep.s.2015040301.21
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Abstract: The atmosphere, which is one of the main components of the environment, undergone significant changes in recent decades as a result of anthropogenic impact. The rapid pace of technological processes will significantly increase the anthropogenic load on the environment, which leads to climate change and influence on mankind and ecosystems. The article deals with the dynamics of the aerosols and harmful substance’s emissions, described by regions and cities of Georgia over the 2001-2010 year period. The dynamics of “Greenhouse Gas” emissions distributed from the transport sector are evaluated separately (apart). By 2010, the industrial emissions of harmful substances, induced by the operating plants, located in Georgia, amounted to 30 134 thous. tons for the year. Among them: the solid pollutants constitute 3 658 thous. tons, the liquids and gases amounted to 26 476 thous. tons. The main polluter regions of Georgia are: Imeretia, Qvemo Qartli, Adjaria and some regions of Shida Qartli. This contributes to 89% of the pollution. The most polluted cities include: Batumi, Tbilisi, Gardabani, Rustavi and Kaspi that contributes to 69% of aerosol emission. The most pollutant sources in Georgia include: transportation (44.4%), agriculture (27.4%), energy sector (24.3%) and industry (3.86%). The influence of meteorological conditions on atmospheric pollution is assessed (both, in warm and cold periods). The correlation exists in meteorological elements and atmospheric pollutant ingredients, also between this ingredient only, that plays an important role in the aerosol accumulation process in the atmosphere. The complex physical-geographical (high mountains, closed valleys, rich water resources) as well as meteorological (synoptic processes, inversion, isothermal) conditions in Georgia facilitate aerosol accumulation in soil, because of which, changes in microclimate are possible.
Abstract: The atmosphere, which is one of the main components of the environment, undergone significant changes in recent decades as a result of anthropogenic impact. The rapid pace of technological processes will significantly increase the anthropogenic load on the environment, which leads to climate change and influence on mankind and ecosystems. The artic...
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Natural-Geographical Zoning and Geo-Ecologiacal Problems of Georgia’s Black Sea Coas
Melor Alpenidze
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Zurab Seperteladze
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Eter Davitaia
,
George Gaprindashvili
,
Tamar Aleksidze
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 3-1, May 2015
Pages: 58-66
Received: 5 March 2015
Accepted: 5 March 2015
Published: 25 June 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajep.s.2015040301.20
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Abstract: The region’s natural geographic zones meant detection and mapping of Geo-complexes of Identified taxonomic rank. Geo-complexes - Individual territorial units differ from one another by natural conditions, landscapes hypsometry location and their spatial distribution, geo-ecological problems, shape and scale of anthropogenic impacts and extent of the character and quality of agriculture. Interest of Geo-ecological problem of the Region is caused by Black Sea (within Georgia) coast nature use process, utilization of the dynamic equilibrium potential faults. Negative changes in the functioning of natural systems and the disorder lead to unwanted changes. Possible solution to the problem of ecological science and environmental components geo-complexes scientific studies based on geographical and ecological aspects of the current state estimates, analysis and forecasts. Research object: Black Sea coastal zone – the eve of the land and sea include three geomorphological elements: coastline, beach and underwater slope. It is obvious that the acute deficit of sediment to the main geo-ecological problem even worse by strong anthropogenic pressure, which in turn is connected with the region’s natural resource potential (Resort-recreational, Balneology, mineral). Studies found that the magnitude of the loads exceeded the scale of anthropogenic and natural coastline of the permitted limits, contradicts the condition of the natural environment, focused on the conflict situation and the creation of an entirely new type of anthropogenic landscapes (aquatic, technogenic, recreational) towards development. Sea landscapes of natural conditions and ecological problems in the development of mixed-mode based on the detailed study was made possibility of natural-geographical zoning.
Abstract: The region’s natural geographic zones meant detection and mapping of Geo-complexes of Identified taxonomic rank. Geo-complexes - Individual territorial units differ from one another by natural conditions, landscapes hypsometry location and their spatial distribution, geo-ecological problems, shape and scale of anthropogenic impacts and extent of th...
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Territorial and Branch Assessment of Water Management Balance of Georgia Based on Differential Estimation and Modeling of Economic Impact on Water Resources
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 3-1, May 2015
Pages: 51-57
Received: 5 March 2015
Accepted: 8 March 2015
Published: 25 June 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajep.s.2015040301.19
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Abstract: Political and social-economic coups in the 1990s of the last century in Georgia, as well as in countries of the former USSR and East Europe has left its mark on the water management problems of those countries. Thus, for alternative assessment of probable water economy balance first priority is to select a representative period in dynamics for utilization of water resources. For Georgia such period is 1980s of the last century, as the most active period in historic economic development. The indicated period is characterized by comparatively reliable water management statistics, with stable socio-economic background and maximum anthropogenic load on water resources. For the very period branch and territorial structure of water management balance have been studied. Based on that alternative forecast have been assessed for the first quarter of the current century,according to the planned scenario during the above mentioned period. The indicated studies have been carried out based on differential assessment and mathematical modeling of economic load on water resources. Water management models have been developed for certain categories of water consumers using economic, demographic and ecological criteria.
Abstract: Political and social-economic coups in the 1990s of the last century in Georgia, as well as in countries of the former USSR and East Europe has left its mark on the water management problems of those countries. Thus, for alternative assessment of probable water economy balance first priority is to select a representative period in dynamics for util...
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Peculiarities of Development of Phytoplankton as an Indicator of the Ecological State in Modern Hydrochemical Conditions of Masrik River
Hambaryan L. R.
,
Nalbandyan M. A.
,
Poghosyan A. M.
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 3-1, May 2015
Pages: 44-50
Received: 19 March 2015
Accepted: 22 March 2015
Published: 25 June 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajep.s.2015040301.18
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Abstract: This paper is related to the study of hydrochemical characteristics and the phytoplankton of the river Masrik. For planktonic study, algae were selected from 3 sampling sites: two from tributaries of the river and one from the river Masrik. Hydrochemical monitoring includes 9 sampling points. The study includes the spring of 2014 and the summer of 2013. According to the hydrochemical research of water, the pH ranged from 6.5-7.3. In 2014, the pH was lower compared with the spring of the previous year. Among tested anions, in some areas, relatively high level of sulfates were reached 80 -120 mg /L. Total hardness ranged from 0,6-5,6 mg-eqv /L, and the total mineralization - was ranged from 60 to 430 mg /L. Studies of heavy metals revealed a relatively high content of lead, nickel and chromium in water. Visual assessment revealed a significant organic pollution of Masrik river, which confirmed by high levels of BOD5 in water in 2014. In Masrik river mainly 3 groups of algae were detected: diatoms, green and blue-green. Dominant group was diatoms. Dominated types of algae were β-mezosaprobs (about 53%), which indicated the average level of organic pollution of the river. As a part of the green algae Spirogira sp. was found. The maximum number of phytoplankton in the investigated areas was 16,854,000 cells / L, and the biomass was 162g /m3, the minimum rates - respectively 464 000 cells /l in and 2.8 g/m3 for biomass. In water samples well developed whorls algae of the genus Chara were found, which presence indicates anthropogenic pollution. Thus, in a more acidic environment, the presence of high levels of organic pollution creates favorable conditions for the growth and development not only phytoplankton such as algae, but also for macrophytes, which indicates the reduction of ecological status of rivers.
Abstract: This paper is related to the study of hydrochemical characteristics and the phytoplankton of the river Masrik. For planktonic study, algae were selected from 3 sampling sites: two from tributaries of the river and one from the river Masrik. Hydrochemical monitoring includes 9 sampling points. The study includes the spring of 2014 and the summer of ...
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Changes of Georgian Mountainous Rivers Water Flows, Problems and Recommendations
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 3-1, May 2015
Pages: 38-43
Received: 2 April 2015
Accepted: 7 April 2015
Published: 25 June 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajep.s.2015040301.17
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Abstract: As a result of Global warming the Caucasus glaciers increasingly start melting, which in its turn leads to the higher water flows and disasters. While in drier regions evaporation increases, the water levels in the rivers decrease and the crops dwindle. In the long run, some of the glaciers will disappear, which will have a negative impact on water resources, water supply will lower and the country’s economic development will be halted. For increasing water resources, reforestation is a solution as forests play a vital and regulating role for superficial and underground water supplies. Forests enhance the quality of water and increase its supply and discharge. Forests strengthen the soil and prevent erosion, landslides, high water flows, floods and avalanches. Thus, the more forests the less negative consequences. In agricultural lands, forests are needed to protect vegetation and soil from emaciating and drying. In the dry climate regions water reservoirs must be built in the terrains which permit to do so, which will resist to serious water flows, mitigate the consequences of disaster and supply water to farms and population during the dry spells. For protecting river waters from the elements, for their rational utilization and effective and safe exploitation having forecasts of water flows is vital. In East Georgia work to increase rainfall artificially should be restored, which in its turn will protect the region from hail. For obtaining technical water technologies for turning salty sea water into fresh one should be utilized.
Abstract: As a result of Global warming the Caucasus glaciers increasingly start melting, which in its turn leads to the higher water flows and disasters. While in drier regions evaporation increases, the water levels in the rivers decrease and the crops dwindle. In the long run, some of the glaciers will disappear, which will have a negative impact on water...
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Strategic Environmental Assessment of Aragvi River Basin
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 3-1, May 2015
Pages: 34-37
Received: 28 April 2015
Accepted: 29 April 2015
Published: 25 June 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajep.s.2015040301.16
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Abstract: Integrated Watershed Management System will be gradually introduced in Georgia, according to the EU Association Agreement signed on 27 June, 2014 in Brussels. Integrated Watershed Management System will be based on European principles of river basin management. This paper includes a survey of the Aragvi river basin and deals with the possible environmental, cultural and socio-economic impacts, which might be observed in the basin due to development of small and medium hydro power plants. EU Association Agreement also obliges countries to implement Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) for relevant projects and fields. The given paper represents summary of the first in Georgia Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of Aragvi river basin, which aims at supporting governmental policymakers, planners and private investors in the energy sector and other related sectors to make better-informed decisions in order to ensure that national sustainable development policies are addressed in strategic sectoral decision making. The sudy is closely linked to the regional and energy development plans for promotion of renewable energy in Georgia. As set out in the SEA Directive, it will ‘contribute to the integration of environmental considerations into the preparation and adoption of plans and programmes with a view to promoting sustainable development’. To achieve this overall aim the study has the following key objectives: To provide the environmental dimension to these plans and thus to contribute to the overall decision making process, which will shape the development of the region as such and more specifically the development of hydroelectric facilities within the region To provide a basis for the subsequent development and appraisal of specific investment projects in the hydroelectric sector in the region; To provide a forum for stakeholders, particularly local residents affected by any hydroelectric development, to participate in the development process To provide potential future investors with information for the most appropriate location and type of hydroelectric facilities and any limitations and conditions which should be met and may be part of the permitting process To provide the authorities with assistance in the appraisal of project proposals put forward by developers The SEA on Aragvi River Basin was commissioned by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) and carried out by a Consortium consisting of Pöyry Energy GmbH (Consortium Leader), Hydrophil Consulting & Knowledge Development GmbH, and ECOVISION – The Union of Sustainable Development.
Abstract: Integrated Watershed Management System will be gradually introduced in Georgia, according to the EU Association Agreement signed on 27 June, 2014 in Brussels. Integrated Watershed Management System will be based on European principles of river basin management. This paper includes a survey of the Aragvi river basin and deals with the possible envir...
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Quantitative Assessment of Permissible Loads on Georgia’s Soil
David Kereselidze
,
Lia Matchavariani
,
Vazha Trapaidze
,
Lamzira Lagidze
,
David Svanadze
,
Giorgi Bregvadze
,
Zaal Gulashvili
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 3-1, May 2015
Pages: 29-33
Received: 26 February 2015
Accepted: 26 February 2015
Published: 25 June 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajep.s.2015040301.15
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Abstract: Environment, including different types of soils, is permanently influenced by human activity, natural and technogenic disasters, etc. These influences weaken stability of ecosystems, landscapes, soils, especially in the case when these influences exceed the value of the maximum permissible standard. Every natural effect causes weakening of soil stability. That’s why it is important to know the values of the lads, which cause failure of proper functioning of soils. At present averaged values of observation data are considered as maximum permissible norms of different loads on soils. In the meantime, actual indices of soil loads are stipulated by many variable factors. Existing standards of permissible loads on soil don’t meet requirements, which provide proper functioning. Additional demands, related through time to operating conditions and probabilistic-statistical characterizing of factors causing processes of soil degradation in time, must be raised upon actual standards. Absence of scientifically substantiated permissible load norms is a reason of soil erosion that as the final result leads to land depopulation and loss of ethno-cultural traditions. That’s why in the given work take into account factors, which cause regulatory values of parameters of soil loads. Time of possible loss, fertility to the marginal degradation was calculated for all main types of Georgia’s soils.
Abstract: Environment, including different types of soils, is permanently influenced by human activity, natural and technogenic disasters, etc. These influences weaken stability of ecosystems, landscapes, soils, especially in the case when these influences exceed the value of the maximum permissible standard. Every natural effect causes weakening of soil sta...
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Glaciers Dynamics Over the Last One Century in the Kodori River Basin, Caucasus Mountains, Georgia, Abkhazeti
Levan G. Tielidze
,
Lela Gadrani
,
Mariam Tsitsagi
,
Nino Chikhradze
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 3-1, May 2015
Pages: 22-28
Received: 4 February 2015
Accepted: 5 February 2015
Published: 25 June 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajep.s.2015040301.14
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Abstract: This paper considers the last one century’s dynamics of the glaciers in the Kodori River basin, which is located on the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus in Georgia. The latest statistical information is also given about the glaciers located in the individual river basins; Their morphological types, exposition and the dynamics are considered according to the individual years. In our research, we used the Catalogue of the glaciers of Georgia compiled by K. Podozerskiy in 1911. We also used the military topographic maps with the scale of 1:25 000 and 1:50 000 drawn up in 1960, where there are mapped in detail the glaciers and the ends of their ice tongues on the southern slope of Greater Caucasus of those times. We also used the remote sensing method, which is the best modern way for the study of the dynamics of glaciers and this method is remarkable by a quick obtaining of results. The spectral images of the Landsat L5/TM and ASTER L1/A are the necessary materials for our study. As a result of the use of this method, we have identified the dynamics of the glaciers in the Kodori River basin.
Abstract: This paper considers the last one century’s dynamics of the glaciers in the Kodori River basin, which is located on the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus in Georgia. The latest statistical information is also given about the glaciers located in the individual river basins; Their morphological types, exposition and the dynamics are considered a...
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Research of Devdoraki Glacier Based on Satellite Remote Sensing Data and Devdoraki Glacier Falls in Historical Context
G. Kordzakhia
,
L. Shengelia
,
G. Tvauri
,
M. Dzadzamia
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 3-1, May 2015
Pages: 14-21
Received: 22 March 2015
Accepted: 27 March 2015
Published: 25 June 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajep.s.2015040301.13
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Abstract: The problem of the transportation safety for Mtskheta-Stepantsminda-Larsi road is overviewed. The scientific study of glaciers in the Caucasus started in the first half of the 19th century. From that time the terrestrial observations on glaciers were carried out. The outputs of terrestrial observations resulted in different series of various temporal duration characteristics of glaciers due to the difficulties of field works organization. The data received contain uncertainties and have no sufficient resolution in time and space. With the invention of the Earth’s satellites it was determined that satellite remote sensing is the best technology allowing to receive the data with needed regularity both in terms of time and space resolution. The results of various researches show that sometimes the satellite remote sensing data is difficult to interpret and determine needed glacier characteristics. In such cases the data of the terrestrial observations are used for validation of glacier characteristics along with the expert knowledge of corresponding glaciers. This complex approach gives the possibility to adjust glaciers contours and calculate more accurately various characteristics of a glacier. At present the main problem for the safety of the Georgian Military Road in the territory of Georgia is the glacial and hydrological disasters such as ice blocks falls from the Kazbegi glaciations accompanied with the debris, followed by the river bed blockage and natural dam formation, with a consequent break and pass of catastrophic mudflows. The glacial catastrophes of Kazbegi glaciers: Devdoraki, Mna, Gergeti, Abano and Chachi have great impact on Mtskheta-Stepantsminda-Larsi road safety on the territory of Georgia. The biggest catastrophes on the Georgian territory took place due to Devdoraki glacier fell in 1776, 1778, 1785, 1808, 1817, 1832. The Devdoraki glacier listed falls during those years were connected with the pulsation of the glaciers and their increase. In Kazbegi glaciation the environmental disasters occurred in 2002, 2007 and 2014 (twice). It was the result of ice layers movement. Based on the analysis, it was concluded that the creation of the May 17 and August 20, 2014 catastrophic mudflows was not connected with the glacier pulsation.
Abstract: The problem of the transportation safety for Mtskheta-Stepantsminda-Larsi road is overviewed. The scientific study of glaciers in the Caucasus started in the first half of the 19th century. From that time the terrestrial observations on glaciers were carried out. The outputs of terrestrial observations resulted in different series of various tempor...
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Importance of Integrated Water Resources Management in Flood and Flash Flood Management
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 3-1, May 2015
Pages: 8-13
Received: 10 March 2015
Accepted: 10 March 2015
Published: 25 June 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajep.s.2015040301.12
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Abstract: Water resources management setup and practices in Georgia are relied on administrative approaches. Gradual introduction and implementation of the river basin based Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) will require corresponding legal and institutional adjustment as well as significant capacity building. The IWRM model for Georgia is intended to address prioritized concerns regarding water resource management, based on extensive consultations with stakeholders from a wide range of agencies and institutions related to water issues. Managing water efficiently, balancing conflicting uses of water resources, eliminating the results of catastrophic floods causing loss of human lives and damages to infrastructure and settlements and ensuring environmental stability of the river basins are critical issues which should be solved through ecosystem-based Integrated Water Resource Management approaches. The manuscript briefly reviews why the issue of shifting to IWRM is a priority for Georgia, what actions are needed to be implemented, and what are the sequences of these actions.
Abstract: Water resources management setup and practices in Georgia are relied on administrative approaches. Gradual introduction and implementation of the river basin based Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) will require corresponding legal and institutional adjustment as well as significant capacity building. The IWRM model for Georgia is intende...
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The Role of the Public in Environmental Decision-Making
Issue: Volume 4, Issue 3-1, May 2015
Pages: 1-7
Received: 10 March 2015
Accepted: 10 March 2015
Published: 25 June 2015
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajep.s.2015040301.11
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Abstract: Many cases prove that involvement of the public in decision-making process on environmental issues has a real influence on proposed or planned activities and the final decisions are acceptable for all main stakeholders: government, the public, and developer of activity. Despite the facts demonstrating the role of the public in environmental decision-making, various experts approach to the public participation process with doubt and some criticism. From their point of view, many aspects of public participation are still questionable, such as who, why, how, at what stage should participate, etc. This article does not aim to answer each existing question. But along with the criticism of various experts, highlighting some important aspects of public participation, the article aims to: demonstrate a rationale of public participation in environmental decision-making; show the trend in this direction based on the analysis of violations of public participation procedures in some countries; demonstrate the real influence of the public on final decisions with regard to the environment, focused on the concrete examples. The arguments and conclusions made on this overview creates additional inspiration for further discussions and exploration of different aspects of public participation in environmental decision-making.
Abstract: Many cases prove that involvement of the public in decision-making process on environmental issues has a real influence on proposed or planned activities and the final decisions are acceptable for all main stakeholders: government, the public, and developer of activity. Despite the facts demonstrating the role of the public in environmental decisio...
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