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Physico-Chemical Analysis of Waste Water Used for Agricultural Purpose in Surrounding of Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan
Ghulam Murtaza Mastoi
,
Khalid Hussain Lashari
,
Zameer Ali Palh
,
T. Jabeen Ursani
,
Anila Naz Soomro
,
Zulfiqar Ali Laghari
,
Abdul Waheed Mastoi
Issue: Volume 2, Issue 6-1, November 2014
Pages: 39-42
Received: 4 August 2014
Accepted: 8 August 2014
Published: 2 September 2014
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajbio.s.2014020601.17
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Abstract: Irrigation with sewage is common practice of the farmers living in surrounding areas of urban colonies in Pakistan. Sewage contains a complex mixture of impurities. Waste water used for agricultural purpose without any treatment though it contains lot of the harmful impurities. During this study three villages were selected around the Hyderabad city and 12 samples were collected. Various characteristics of the sewage samples were determined such as total residues, total fixed residues, volatile residues, salinity, alkalinity, TDS, temperature, color, pH, conductivity, etc. Aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of waste water. It was found that waste water had moderate to increased hardness and salinity. Moreover, these water samples contained from 300 to 1800 mg/L of total residues. Nevertheless the pH-value was normal, in the range 6.7-7.0, that is suitable for water used for irrigation. Further investigations are required to determine toxicity of the waste water, as well as content and accumulation of heavy metals.
Abstract: Irrigation with sewage is common practice of the farmers living in surrounding areas of urban colonies in Pakistan. Sewage contains a complex mixture of impurities. Waste water used for agricultural purpose without any treatment though it contains lot of the harmful impurities. During this study three villages were selected around the Hyderabad cit...
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Expression of Hox Genes, Zen (GB 51301) ANT and UBX during the Development of Honey Bee (Apis mellifera)
Mariapia Viola-Magni
,
Samuela Cataldi
Issue: Volume 2, Issue 6-1, November 2014
Pages: 43-48
Received: 7 August 2014
Accepted: 14 August 2014
Published: 2 September 2014
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajbio.s.2014020601.18
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Abstract: Homeobox genes are present in the genome of the honeybee Apis mellifera and their expression has been studied principally during embryonic development. The aim of this research was to evaluate expression of three key Hox genes from the larval period to the adult. The expression of honeybee GB51301, Ant and Ubx were examined in 24 and 72 hrs of larvae and pupa, classified on the basis of eye colours, using quantitative RT PCR on either the entire body or the head only. The results show that levels of expression from these genes change in relation to the development of various organs. GB51301(HOX3/zen) expression is mainly localised in the head, and it is expressed in the larvae, when the first nervous cells are formed and in the adult worker. ANTP is expressed in the white-eye pupa at a similar time to the development of antenna. UBX is also expressed in white and red eye pupae at a similar time to leg formation. The expression of these genes is practically absent in the brown eye pupa, when the development of these organs is completed. These genes are found mainly in the body.
Abstract: Homeobox genes are present in the genome of the honeybee Apis mellifera and their expression has been studied principally during embryonic development. The aim of this research was to evaluate expression of three key Hox genes from the larval period to the adult. The expression of honeybee GB51301, Ant and Ubx were examined in 24 and 72 hrs of larv...
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Patent Foramen Ovale is Associated with an Increased NAFLD Risk for Health of Young Men
Erkan Kibrisli
,
Sinan Işcen
,
Salim Ozenc
,
Adem Parlak
Issue: Volume 2, Issue 6-1, November 2014
Pages: 35-38
Received: 13 August 2014
Accepted: 19 August 2014
Published: 24 August 2014
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajbio.s.2014020601.16
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Abstract: Between March 2012 and July 2013, 1000 asymptomatic young military male underwent hepatic ultrasonography and echocardiography at Medical Check-up Center for general young health screening. Blood biochemistry, arterial blood pressure and anthropometric measurements were studied. All analyses were performed using the statistical package SPSS 15.0, where the statistical significance was assessed at the two-tailed 0.05 threshold. It was found that among 1000 persons, 60 had patent foramen ovale (PFO) and 110 subjects had symptoms of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The PFO-group consisted of 20 male with 33.3% of NAFLD symptoms, while the group without PFO consisted of 90 male with 9.6% of NAFLD symptoms only. There were significant differences between two groups: p<0.001. Moreover, such factors as the mean age, BMI, triglycerides, hemoglobin, and aspartate aminotransferase level, the mean HDL cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, platelet count did not differ between the two groups. The main cause of the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has not been sufficiently elucidated. Serotonin of plasma is removed from circulation in capillary beds, predominantly in the lung. Nevertheless, metabolism of serotonin can be by-passed by patent foramen ovale (PFO) that can lead to NAFLD. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that echocardiographic diagnosed PFO predicts the subsequent NAFLD, which can be diagnosed by ultrasonography. The statistical analysis of the 1000 young male supports the hypothesis that PFO can be associated with increased NAFLD risk for the health of young men.
Abstract: Between March 2012 and July 2013, 1000 asymptomatic young military male underwent hepatic ultrasonography and echocardiography at Medical Check-up Center for general young health screening. Blood biochemistry, arterial blood pressure and anthropometric measurements were studied. All analyses were performed using the statistical package SPSS 15.0, w...
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Chemical Synthesis, Spectral Characterization and Antimicrobial Studies on Complexes of Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) with N, N-di (o-hydroxybenzenoylmethylene) Ethylenediamine
Issue: Volume 2, Issue 6-1, November 2014
Pages: 22-34
Received: 30 June 2014
Accepted: 14 July 2014
Published: 20 August 2014
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajbio.s.2014020601.15
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Abstract: The Schiff’s base ligands and their complexes with Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis molar conductivity, infrared and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The ligands, ethylenedianil of o-hydroxyphenylglyoxal, C18H16N2O4, have been synthesized by condensation of ethylenediamine and orthohydroxyphenylglyoxal. The metal complexes were prepared by mixing of saturated solutions of ligands and metal salts in appropriate molar ratio in acetone and methanol solvents. The study also confirmed the formation of mono-, di- and trinuclear isopolystructures of the complexes in square planar geometry except for Zn(II), which has tetrahedral stereochemistry. The synthesized ligands and their metal complexes were screened for their antimicrobial activities against two bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureous and Xanthomonas holcicola), and two fungal strains (Aspergillus niger and Fusarium oxysporum) using a disc diffusion method. The tests showed that the complexes have higher antimicrobial activity than the free Schiff’s base.
Abstract: The Schiff’s base ligands and their complexes with Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis molar conductivity, infrared and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The ligands, ethylenedianil of o-hydroxyphenylglyoxal, C18H16N2O4, have been synthesized by condensation of ...
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Morphological and Genetic Variation of Thrips parvispinus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Chili Plantation (Capsicum annuum L.) in the Lowland and Highland of Jambi Province, Indonesia
Asni Johari
,
Siti Herlinda
,
Yulia Pujiastuti
,
Chandra Irsan
,
Dewi Sartiami
Issue: Volume 2, Issue 6-1, November 2014
Pages: 17-21
Received: 30 May 2014
Accepted: 18 July 2014
Published: 8 August 2014
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajbio.s.2014020601.14
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Abstract: Thrips parvispinus Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) are dangerous pests for chili (Capsicum annuum L.). Thrips can be found in lowland to highland. The damage caused by thrips can reach 60% and this damage will be greater if the thrips also be vectors of plant virus diseases. The research aims to analyze morphological and genetic variation of T. parvispinus located in the lowlands and in the highlands of Jambi province, Indonesia. T. parvispinus were collected in 2012 from chili plantation in 19 villages spread over 5 districts in the lowlands and 26 villages spread over 2 districts in the highlands. The results showed that T. parvispinus were found at each research site. The size and color of the body T. parvispinus have variations with long, medium and short criteria. Variation in body size of T. parvispinus in lowland: length of 1.42 ± 0.065 mm, medium 1.32 ± 1.15 mm and short 0.122± 0.051 mm. Variation in body size of T. parvispinus in the highlands: length of 1.46 ± 0.035, medium of 1.35 ± 0.051 and short of 1.22 ± 0.089. T. parvispinus with long body size and dark brown color predominantly are found in all survey sites, is 80.53% in the lowlands and 75.91% in the highlands. The results also showed that the insects having different body sizes belong to the same T. parvispinus species.
Abstract: Thrips parvispinus Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) are dangerous pests for chili (Capsicum annuum L.). Thrips can be found in lowland to highland. The damage caused by thrips can reach 60% and this damage will be greater if the thrips also be vectors of plant virus diseases. The research aims to analyze morphological and genetic variation of T. par...
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Study of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Bacterial Nanocellulose
Issue: Volume 2, Issue 6-1, November 2014
Pages: 13-16
Received: 28 June 2014
Accepted: 10 July 2014
Published: 13 July 2014
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajbio.s.2014020601.13
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Abstract: Bacterial nanocellulose is a subject of extensive research due to its promising potential applications in medicine, veterinary and cosmetics. In this paper, effect of structural characteristics on enzymatic hydrolysis of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) has been studied. Despite the similar degree of crystallinity and lateral size of crystallites for both cellulose samples, a conversion degree of BNC after enzymatic hydrolysis was considerably higher than of MCC. The main distinctive feature of the BNC sample is a high porosity and developed surface of nanofibrils. As against, the MCC sample contains coarse low-porous particles that have a poorly developed surface. Although drying reduces the porosity of the samples, the dry BNC retains a much higher pore volume and greater enzymatic hydrolysability than the dry MCC. Due to highly porosity and developed surface, the BNC sample acquires a high accessibility for molecules of cellulolytic enzymes that promotes enzymatic hydrolysis of this sample both in never-dried and dry state.
Abstract: Bacterial nanocellulose is a subject of extensive research due to its promising potential applications in medicine, veterinary and cosmetics. In this paper, effect of structural characteristics on enzymatic hydrolysis of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) has been studied. Despite the similar degree of crystallinity ...
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Structure and Physicochemical Properties of Nitrogenated Derivatives of Cellulose
Issue: Volume 2, Issue 6-1, November 2014
Pages: 6-12
Received: 28 June 2014
Accepted: 10 July 2014
Published: 13 July 2014
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajbio.s.2014020601.12
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Abstract: Nitrogenated derivatives of cellulose, and namely chitin and chitosan, are of commercial interest because of their antibacterial activity, biocompatibility, biodegradability and sorption ability. Structure and some physicochemical properties of these derivatives have been studied by methods of wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), microcalorimetry and sorption. To determine the crystallinity degree of the samples, an improved WAXS method was used based on the calculation of the relationship between integrated intensities of X-ray diffraction from crystalline and amorphous domains. The calculations revealed that the actual degree of crystallinity of initial chitin was 0.72, and of initial chitosan 0.57. After ball-grinding for a short time, the decrease in the crystallinity degree was observed, whereas the prolonged grinding resulted in complete amorphization of the samples. The wetting enthalpy and sorption ability of the samples were inversely proportional to degree of crystallinity. Reduction of the crystallinity degree of the samples promoted increasing of the wetting enthalpy and water sorption. This evidences that mechanism of interaction between the nitrogenated polysaccharides and water is absorption of the water molecules into amorphous domains of the hydrophilic polymers. The crystallinity degree values calculated from results of water vapor sorption and wetting enthalpy were close to the crystallinity degree of the samples obtained by the WAXS method.
Abstract: Nitrogenated derivatives of cellulose, and namely chitin and chitosan, are of commercial interest because of their antibacterial activity, biocompatibility, biodegradability and sorption ability. Structure and some physicochemical properties of these derivatives have been studied by methods of wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), microcalorimetry an...
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The Study of Comparative Analgesic Activity of Lidocaine and Ropivacaine on Albino Rats
Thota. Madhu Chaithanya
,
MundllaMudi. Prasad Naidu
Issue: Volume 2, Issue 6-1, November 2014
Pages: 1-5
Received: 5 June 2014
Accepted: 4 July 2014
Published: 13 July 2014
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajbio.s.2014020601.11
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Abstract: Analgesics are the drugs which possess significant pain relieving properties by acting on the CNS or peripheral pain receptors without significantly affecting consciousness. Lidocaine and Ropivacaine are well studied individually; but there are conflicting reports of the comparison of actions between these two drugs both in experimental and clinical trials. Total of 30 rats were taken, they were divided into six groups each containing 5 rats. The analgesic activity of drugs was studied by measuring drug-induced changes in the sensitivity of the pre-screened mice to heat stress applied to their tails (reaction time: 2-4 sec). With increasing the dose of the analgesics from 6.25 to 25µg/kg the analgesic action occurred earlier. A clinical significance is that Lidocaine has its some better analgesic effect than Ropivacaine. As known, the dose of Lidocaine for local anesthetic action is < 7mgs/kg body weight, and of Ropivacaine it is <8mgs/kg body weight. But in our study a dose of the analgesics was low, up to 25µg/kg only. Because of this low dose, the mechanism of analgesic action of the drugs is different, and it is discussed in this paper.
Abstract: Analgesics are the drugs which possess significant pain relieving properties by acting on the CNS or peripheral pain receptors without significantly affecting consciousness. Lidocaine and Ropivacaine are well studied individually; but there are conflicting reports of the comparison of actions between these two drugs both in experimental and clinica...
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